在當(dāng)今全球?qū)Νh(huán)境保護(hù)高度重視的大背景下，脫硫技術(shù)作為減少污染物排放的關(guān)鍵手段，備受關(guān)注。傳統(tǒng)脫硫方法在一定程度上解決了硫污染問(wèn)題，但也伴隨著高能耗、高成本以及二次污染等弊端。生物脫硫技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，為脫硫領(lǐng)域帶來(lái)了新的曙光，它以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，逐漸成為研究和應(yīng)用的熱點(diǎn)。

In the current global context of high emphasis on environmental protection, desulfurization technology, as a key means of reducing pollutant emissions, has attracted much attention. Traditional desulfurization methods have to some extent solved the problem of sulfur pollution, but they also come with drawbacks such as high energy consumption, high costs, and secondary pollution. The emergence of biological desulfurization technology has brought a new dawn to the field of desulfurization. With its unique advantages, it has gradually become a hot topic in research and application.

一、生物脫硫的原理探索

1、 Exploration of the principle of biological desulfurization

生物脫硫，全稱為生物催化脫硫（BDS），是利用微生物或其所含的酶，對(duì)含硫化合物，如硫化氫（H?S）和有機(jī)硫進(jìn)行催化反應(yīng)，使其所含的硫釋放出來(lái)，轉(zhuǎn)化為硫酸鹽（SO?2?）或單質(zhì)硫（S）的過(guò)程 。這一過(guò)程背后的核心原理，是基于微生物的代謝活動(dòng)。

Biological desulfurization, also known as biocatalytic desulfurization (BDS), is the process of using microorganisms or their enzymes to catalyze the reaction of sulfur-containing compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide (H ? S) and organic sulfur, to release the sulfur they contain and convert it into sulfate (SO ?2 ?) or elemental sulfur (S). The core principle behind this process is based on the metabolic activity of microorganisms.

微生物在適宜的環(huán)境中，能夠以含硫化合物作為代謝底物。例如，在有氧條件下，一些好氧細(xì)菌，如硫桿菌屬的氧化亞鐵硫桿菌，會(huì)將硫化物氧化為單質(zhì)硫或硫酸鹽。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，微生物通過(guò)自身的酶系統(tǒng)，將硫化物中的電子逐步轉(zhuǎn)移，實(shí)現(xiàn)硫的氧化。以硫化氫為例，其反應(yīng)過(guò)程可簡(jiǎn)單表示為：2H?S + O? → 2S + 2H?O（生成單質(zhì)硫），進(jìn)一步氧化則為：2S + 3O? + 2H?O → 2H?SO?（生成硫酸） 。

Microorganisms can use sulfur-containing compounds as metabolic substrates in suitable environments. For example, under aerobic conditions, some aerobic bacteria, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, will oxidize sulfides into elemental sulfur or sulfate. In this process, microorganisms gradually transfer electrons from sulfides through their own enzyme systems, achieving sulfur oxidation. Taking hydrogen sulfide as an example, its reaction process can be simply expressed as: 2H ? S+O ? → 2S+2H ? O (generating elemental sulfur), and further oxidation is: 2S+3O ?+2H ? O → 2H ? SO ? (generating sulfuric acid).

在厭氧環(huán)境中，同樣存在一些厭氧菌，它們能利用含硫化合物進(jìn)行厭氧呼吸，將硫還原為硫化氫等形式。而這些硫化氫又可以在其他微生物的作用下，進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)化為無(wú)害的硫單質(zhì)或硫酸鹽，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)硫的去除與轉(zhuǎn)化。

In anaerobic environments, there are also some anaerobic bacteria that can utilize sulfur-containing compounds for anaerobic respiration, reducing sulfur to forms such as hydrogen sulfide. And these hydrogen sulfide can be further converted into harmless elemental sulfur or sulfate under the action of other microorganisms, thereby achieving the removal and transformation of sulfur.

二、多樣的生物脫硫方法

2、 Various biological desulfurization methods

生物過(guò)濾法：這是一種較為常見(jiàn)的生物脫硫方法。含硫廢氣首先進(jìn)入裝有生物過(guò)濾介質(zhì)的濾池，這些過(guò)濾介質(zhì)通常由富含微生物的材料，如堆肥、木屑、活性炭等組成。廢氣中的含硫化合物在通過(guò)濾池時(shí)，被吸附在介質(zhì)表面的水膜中，然后被微生物吸附并分解利用。微生物在代謝過(guò)程中，將硫化物轉(zhuǎn)化為無(wú)害物質(zhì)，凈化后的氣體則從濾池排出。例如，在處理沼氣中的硫化氫時(shí)，生物過(guò)濾法可以有效地將硫化氫濃度降低到符合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的水平 。

Biological filtration method: This is a common biological desulfurization method. The sulfur-containing exhaust gas first enters the filter tank equipped with biological filtration media, which are usually composed of materials rich in microorganisms, such as compost, sawdust, activated carbon, etc. The sulfur-containing compounds in the exhaust gas are adsorbed in the water film on the surface of the medium when passing through the filter, and then adsorbed and decomposed by microorganisms for utilization. Microorganisms convert sulfides into harmless substances during the metabolic process, and the purified gas is discharged from the filter. For example, in the treatment of hydrogen sulfide in biogas, biological filtration can effectively reduce the concentration of hydrogen sulfide to a level that meets emission standards.

生物吸附法：利用具有特殊吸附能力的微生物或其代謝產(chǎn)物，對(duì)含硫化合物進(jìn)行吸附。一些微生物表面具有特殊的官能團(tuán)，能夠與硫化物發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合，從而將硫固定在微生物表面。之后，通過(guò)一定的處理方式，如改變 pH 值、添加化學(xué)試劑等，使吸附的硫釋放出來(lái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)硫的分離與回收。這種方法對(duì)于低濃度含硫廢氣或廢水的處理具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)，能夠高效地去除微量的硫污染物 。

Biological adsorption method: using microorganisms or their metabolites with special adsorption ability to adsorb sulfur-containing compounds. Some microbial surfaces have special functional groups that can specifically bind with sulfides, thereby fixing sulfur on the microbial surface. Afterwards, through certain processing methods such as changing the pH value, adding chemical reagents, etc., the adsorbed sulfur is released to achieve sulfur separation and recovery. This method has certain advantages for the treatment of low concentration sulfur-containing waste gas or wastewater, and can efficiently remove trace amounts of sulfur pollutants.

生物滴濾法：含硫廢氣從生物滴濾塔底部進(jìn)入，在上升過(guò)程中與從塔頂噴淋而下的含有微生物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)液逆流接觸。廢氣中的硫化物被營(yíng)養(yǎng)液中的微生物吸收并代謝，轉(zhuǎn)化為無(wú)害物質(zhì)。營(yíng)養(yǎng)液在塔底收集后，經(jīng)過(guò)處理和補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，可再次循環(huán)使用。生物滴濾法具有處理效率高、操作靈活等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，適用于處理中等濃度的含硫廢氣 。...

Biological drip filtration method: Sulfur containing waste gas enters from the bottom of the biological drip filtration tower and, during its ascent, comes into counter current contact with nutrient solution containing microorganisms sprayed down from the top of the tower. The sulfides in the exhaust gas are absorbed and metabolized by microorganisms in the nutrient solution, and converted into harmless substances. After the nutrient solution is collected at the bottom of the tower, it can be reused after processing and supplementing with nutrients. The biological drip filtration method has the advantages of high treatment efficiency and flexible operation, and is suitable for treating medium concentration sulfur-containing waste gas